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.The alien command lets youconvert packages from Debien (.deb), Stampede (.slp), Slackware (.slp), or Red Hat package management(.rpm) to any of those other formats.The advantage of converting a package from another format to RPM is that you can then manage that packageusing various RPM tools.As an example, I downloaded the bsdgames package from the Debian FTP site(ftp://ftp.us.debian.org/).I then converted the package, which was in.deb format, to RPM format as follows:# alien --to-rpm bsdgames_2.9-3.debIn this case, an RPM file was created from the Debian package.The new file was calledbsdgames-2.9-4.i386.rpm.After it was created, I could install it as I would any RPM file:# rpm -i bsdgames-2.9-4.i386.rpmAfter that, I could query the bsdgames package as I would any RPM package.For example, I could type rpm-ql bsdgames to list the contents of the package.Later, to delete the package, I can use the rpm -e bsdgamescommand.With the alien command, you can also make Debian packages (--to-deb option), Slackware packages(--to-tgz), or Stampede packages (--to-slp).To create Debian packages, you need extra software packagesthat include gcc, make, debgmake, dpg-dev, and dpkg packages.Caution Though alien provides a quick way to convert software package to different formats, it should not beused to convert critical operating system packages.For example, you shouldn't expect systeminitialization packages to be reliably converted so they can be used in Red Hat Linux.Installing Red Hat Linux ApplicationsMost of the Linux applications that you want to install are available in RPM format.There is probably abinary version of the application that specifically suits your platform.If no RPMs are available for theapplications, you can probably find a source code version (often stored as a tar/gzip archive) that you can useto build the software yourself.This section describes how to install and manage applications using tools created for RPM archive files.Laterin this section, you will learn how to build and install applications that come as source code packages.Installing and managing RPM filesWhen you get an application that is packaged in RPM format, you typically get a single file.The commandused to work with RPM package files is rpm.To manage RPM packages, the rpm command has options thatlet you list all the packages that are installed, upgrade existing packages to newer versions, and querypackages for information (such as the files or documentation included with the package).There is also a verify option that lets you check that all files that make up the package are present and unchanged.The rpm command has these modes of operation:"install (-i)"upgrade (-U)"query (-q)"verify (-V)"signature check (--checksig)"uninstall (-e)"build (-b)"rebuild database (--rebuilddb)"fix permissions (--setperms)"set owners/groups (--setugids)"show RC (--showrc)With these options, you can install RPM packages and verify that their contents are properly installed,correcting any problems that occur.The following sections describe how to use rpm to install and work with your RPM applications.Caution You must be logged in as the root user to add or remove packages.You may, however, list installedpackages, query packages for information, or verify a package s contents without being logged in asthe root user.Installing with rpmTo install an RPM archive file with the rpm command, use the following syntax:rpm -i [options] packagePackage is the name of the RPM archive file.This package may be in the current directory, on a mounted CD(for example, /mnt/cdrom/RedHat/RPMS/whatever.rpm), or on an accessible FTP site (for example,ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/sound/cdrom/X/xcd-2.0-1.i386.rpm). Note When you indicate a package from an FTP site, the file is downloaded before it is installed.Along with the -i option, you can use these options to get feedback during the installation:"-vv  Prints debugging information during installation.This is a good way to see everything thathappens during the install process.(This output can be long, so you may want to pipe it to more.)"-h  Prints 50 hash marks (#) as the package is unpacked.The intent is just to see the progress of theunpacking process (so you can tell if the program is still working or stalled)."-percent  Prints the percentage of the total package that has been installed throughout the installprocess.Before installing a package, rpm checks to make sure that it is not overwriting newer files or installing apackage that has dependencies on other packages that are not installed.The following install options can beused to override conditions that may otherwise cause the installation to fail:"--force  Forces the contents of the current package to be installed, even if the current package isolder than the one already installed, contains files placed there by other packages, or is alreadyinstalled.(This is the same as using the oldpackage, replacefiles, and replacepkgs options.)"--oldpackage  Forces the package to be installed, even if the current package is older than the onealready installed [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

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