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• Index
• Rushdie Salman Harun i morze opowiesci scr
• Kass Fleisher The Bear River Massacre and the Making of History (2004)
• Barbara Szacka Wstep do Socjologii
• Choroby zakazne zwierzat domowych z elementami ZOONOZ pod red. Stanislawa Winiarczyka i Zbigniewa Grć…dzkiego
• King Stephen Miasteczko Salem (2)
• R12 5
• Rey Pierre Sunset
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• dan brown CyfrowaTwierdza
• anne mccaffrey smoczy spiewak
• zanotowane.pl
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.(Ironically, the New Culturemovement was a leading inspiration of both Mao's Communism and itsrival, Chiang Kai-Shek's Fascism.)COMMUNISM IN AMBUSHIn Ting Wen-chiang: Science and China's NewCulture, the American historian Charlotte Furth ex-amines Ting Wen-chiang, the dean of the NewCulture movement, in considerable detail.According to her, Wen-chiang merely translated theideas of evolutionist ideologues such as Darwin,Huxley and Spencer into Chinese.For this reason,Furth even refers to Ding as the "Huxley of China."61(Huxley, Darwin's biggest supporter, was known inhis day as "Darwin's bulldog.")Darwinism fosteredCommunism andTing Wen-chiang studied zoology and geology atFascism in China.Glasgow University in Scotland.Returning to ChinaFascist leader Chiangin 1911, he exerted great efforts to spread materialistKai-Shek was influ-enced by Darwinism.and Darwinist ideas in the newly-founded ChineseRepublic, even supporting the theory of eugenicsproposed by Francis Galton, Darwin's cousin.62(Eugenics proposed the disposal of those within a race who were sick or dis-abled, thus ensuring so-called universal advancement by the "mating" ofthe healthy ones.This theory was applied most widely in Nazi Germany.)James Reeve Pusey, a Harvard professor of history and an importantcommentator on the New Culture movement, says:The New Culture Movement's cries were all cries Darwin had backed be-fore, and he now backed them again in the same old way.He [Darwin] wasthe patron saint of the New Culture Movement.[H]is theory, so the NewCulture Movement's leaders still insisted, "proved".that "the present sur-passes the past, and the future surpasses the present." That was the faith be-hind the Anarchists' injunction to tsun chin po ku (respect the present andbelittle the past) and the Communists' later injunction to hou chin po ku63(extol the present and belittle the past).As a result of the spread of Darwinism in China, the emergence of thiskind of Chinese ideologues at the beginning of the 20th century gavebirth, first, to the Chinese nationalist Kuomintang party with its fascisttendencies, then to Chinese Communism.In an article written in the peri-odical New Scientist, Michael Ruse, a Canadian philosopher wrote:These ideas took root at once [In China], for China did not have the innateintellectual and religious barriers to evolution that often existed in the West.Red Terror in Asia117Indeed, in some respects, Darwin seemed almost Chinese! & Taoist andNeo-Confucian thought had always stressed the "thingness" of humans.Ourbeing at one with the animals was no great shock& Today, the official philos-ophy is Marxist-Leninism (of a kind).But without the secular materialistapproach of Darwinism (meaning now the broad social philosophy), theground would not have been tilled for Mao and his revolutionaries to sowtheir seed and reap their crop.64"China And Charles Darwin"Darwinism's influence on 20th century China was so great that the fa-mous Harvard historian, James Reeve Pusey, devoted a book entitledChina and Charles Darwin to this one subject.In this book he relates howDarwin's Origin of Species, published in England and translated intoChinese 36 years later in 1895, spread with incredible speed amongChinese intellectuals, with immense social and political effects.in thepreface to his book, Pusey writes:"The weaker go down before the stronger"  After 1895, the Japanese-Chinese translation of the famous Spencerian slogan, "the survival of thefittest," yu sheng lieh pai (the superior win, the inferior lose),.was to force itsway into a thousand essays and dominate for a time the Chinese editorialmind as the argument for almost any course of action.65In the same book, Pusey examinesthe currents of thought developing inChina in the first half of the 20th cen-tury and tells how they establishedthe foundation for Maoism.One of thepeople he considered was Liang Chi-chao, was a well-known writer of theIn China and CharlesDarwin, Harvard Universityhistorian James Reeve Puseyexplained that Darwinismhad great influence in Chinaand prepared the founda-tion for both Communistand Fascist ideas.COMMUNISM IN AMBUSH118time who was captivated by Darwinism and materialist philosophy.He [Liang Ch'i-ch'ao] mentioned idealism and materialism at least as earlyas the October 16, 1902 issue of the Hsin min ts'ung pao [a Chinese journal].Probably he had mentioned them somewhere before, for he gave no expla-nation of their meaning, and yet he did imply that materialism was the bet-ter and that it was winning out over idealism, thanks to Darwin."Howgreat," he wrote, "is the world of the last twenty-four years, a world be-longing to the theory of evolution.Materialism has arisen and idealism hascowered in a corner."66China and Charles Darwin relates how Darwinism was responsible forestablishing China's disputatious revolutionist culture and its great in-fluence on bringing Maoism to power:Darwin helped inspire a true renaissance of Chinese thought by specificallychallenging (or seeming to challenge) certain favorite traditional ideas andby discrediting all ancient authority [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]